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wiki:basic_commands [2011/05/16 00:59] – [As Root] Guywiki:basic_commands [2022/09/21 17:10] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +====== Basic Commands for New Users ======
 +
 +==== List the Contents of a Directory ====
 +
 +To list the contents of a directory, open the terminal and type
 +
 +<code>ls</code>
 +
 +ls stands for list.
 +
 +For more details, use
 +
 +<code>ls -l</code>
 +
 +-l stands for long.
 +
 +To view all files, including hidden files use
 +
 +<code>ls -a</code>
 +
 +In Linux, hidden filenames start with a "."
 +
 +You can combine -l and -a, like this
 +
 +<code>ls -al</code>
 +
 +==== Change Directory ====
 +
 +To change to a directory within the one you are in, use
 +
 +<code>cd directory-name</code>
 +
 +To change to a directory in the directory in one you are in, use
 +
 +<code>cd directory-name/directory-name</code>
 +
 +To change to the root directory, use
 +
 +<code>cd /</code>
 +
 +To change to a directory in root, use
 +
 +<code>cd /directory-name</code>
 +
 +To change to the home directory, use
 +
 +<code>cd ~/</code>
 +
 +To change to a directory within the home directory, use
 +
 +<code>cd ~/directory-name</code>
 +
 +To change up to the directory containing the one you are in, use
 +
 +<code>cd ..</code>
 +
 +To change up two levels, use
 +
 +<code>cd ../..</code>
 +
 +==== Display the Contents of a File ====
 +
 +To display the contents of a file, use
 +
 +<code>cat filename</code>
 +
 +This may be used to read text files.
 +
 +==== As Root or Administrator ====
 +
 +To have root or administrator permissions, use
 +
 +<code>sudo</code>
 +
 +before commands.
 +
 +For example, to start the text editor as root or administrator, use
 +
 +<code>sudo editor</code>
 +
 +==== Stop an Application ====
 +
 +To stop an application, use
 +
 +<code>killall app-name</code>
  
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