====== Basic Commands for New Users ======

==== List the Contents of a Directory ====

To list the contents of a directory, open the terminal and type

<code>ls</code>

ls stands for list.

For more details, use

<code>ls -l</code>

-l stands for long.

To view all files, including hidden files use

<code>ls -a</code>

In Linux, hidden filenames start with a "."

You can combine -l and -a, like this

<code>ls -al</code>

==== Change Directory ====

To change to a directory within the one you are in, use

<code>cd directory-name</code>

To change to a directory in the directory in one you are in, use

<code>cd directory-name/directory-name</code>

To change to the root directory, use

<code>cd /</code>

To change to a directory in root, use

<code>cd /directory-name</code>

To change to the home directory, use

<code>cd ~/</code>

To change to a directory within the home directory, use

<code>cd ~/directory-name</code>

To change up to the directory containing the one you are in, use

<code>cd ..</code>

To change up two levels, use

<code>cd ../..</code>

==== Display the Contents of a File ====

To display the contents of a file, use

<code>cat filename</code>

This may be used to read text files.

==== As Root or Administrator ====

To have root or administrator permissions, use

<code>sudo</code>

before commands.

For example, to start the text editor as root or administrator, use

<code>sudo editor</code>

==== Stop an Application ====

To stop an application, use

<code>killall app-name</code>